The cellulose/TiO₂ composite nanofiber membrane was prepared by combining electrospinning technique and hydrolysis reaction method. The characteristics of the cellulose/TiO₂ composite nanofiber membrane were investigated by SEM, FT-IR, XRD, water contact angle and tensile test. It is found that the composite nanofiber has a smooth surface and random orientation. After adding TiO₂, the crystallinity of the cellulose decreases and the breaking strength decreases, but the hydrophilicity becomes much better. The Cu²⁺ adsorption test results show that the pH value, Cu²⁺ initial concentration and adsorption time are the important factors affecting the adsorption performance. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity of Cu²⁺ could reach 66.54 mg/g. The Cu²⁺ isothermal adsorption by the cellulose/TiO₂ composite nanofiber membrane can be described by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isothermal models. From the view of correlation coefficient, the adsorption behavior of the cellulose/TiO₂ composite nanofibers for Cu²⁺ is more suitably described by the Freundlich model.