Periosteum is an important part of bone growth. It covers the outer surface of most bones and plays a crucial role in bone defect repair. However, fractures caused by accidents can cause periosteum injury, and due to the immune rejection of autologous and allogeneic periosteum transplantation, the limited source and other problems, so that its clinical application is greatly limited. So researchers are working to develop a biomimetic periosteum with similar structures and properties to the original periosteum. In this paper, the research progress of biodegradable polymer in biomimetic periosteum in recent years is reviewed, including the biodegradable polymer materials used in biomimetic periosteum, the properties of biomimetic periosteum and the preparation methods. Finally, some current problems are put forward and prospects are presented.