Amination modification can effectively destroy the inherent crystalline structure of cellulose, impart excellent water solubility and alkalinity to aminocellulose, and thus improve the utilization value of cellulose. In order to guide the synthesis and utilization of aminocellulose, the synthetic pathway and structural characteristics of aminocellulose were reviewed in this paper. In addition, the application of aminocellulose in the fields of adsorption, biomedicine, catalysts, and enzyme protein fixation were discussed on the basis of concrete examples. It is prospected that the green preparation of aminocellulose, and its biocompatibility analysis with the aim of fabricating biomimetic material will be the future focuses. The discussion of this paper would show light on the synthesis and utilization of aminocellulose.