At present, the limitation of bio-based modifiers is that they can only improve some single aspects of the properties for fast-growing wood. To improve the comprehensive applied performance of fast-growing wood, Chinese fir, pinus sylvestris, and poplar were modified with acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) diluted by active monomer, and the comprehensive performance of modified wood under different processing conditions were compared. The synthesized AESO was characterized by FT-IR. Moreover, the surface composition and microstructure of AESO impregnated modified wood were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and SEM, and the modification mechanism was further analyzed. The results show that the comprehensive properties of the three kinds of wood are improved by impregnating the fast-growing wood and curing it at 70 °C for 6 h using a mixed system with m(AESO): m(St)=3:1, styrene (St) as diluent. The properties of modified Chinese fir are improved most significantly, the impregnation yield is 166.1%, the curing mass gain percent is 157.0%, the anti-water absorption rate of 7 d is 86.1%, and the compressive strength is increased by 87.2%. XPS analysis show that the AESO impregnation system successfully penetrates into the interior of the wood, mainly through transverse penetration. The changes of micromorphology observed by SEM indicate that the microscopic structure of the wood after modification has not been destroyed, and the impregnation system filled and adhered to the cell walls of various structural tissues of wood and cured. Pits on the cell wall are blocked, which greatly improve the anti-water absorption resistance and mechanical strength of fast-growing wood.