Silicone resin, because of its high temperature resistance, has broad prospects in the field of heat resistant aspects. With the rapid development in defense and other industries recently, traditional silicone resin thermal protection coatings can hardly meet the needs of current requirements. Therefore, it is of great strategic value to improve the high temperature resistance of silicone resin. In this review, based on the structure of silicone resin, the thermal stability mechanisms and thermal degradation mechanisms of silicone resin were analyzed firstly. The thermal degradation of silicone resin mainly originates from radical reaction, back-biting reaction and scission and rearrangement. Therefore, various modification methods to improve the high-temperature resistance of silicone resin were developed correspondingly, including side-base modification, main chain modification, filler modification, end-blocked modification, and co-modification. The advantages and disadvantages of these modification methods were then discussed. At last, the emphasis and directions for future research of high-temperature resistant silicone resins were discussed.