Magnetorheological elastomers have broad application prospects in intelligent cushioning and vibration reduction. In this paper, the anisotropic magnetorheological elastomers were made by using silicone rubber and carbonyl iron powder under pre-structured conditions, and an exciting device for testing the compression properties of the magnetorheological elastomer was designed. The magnetic field distribution was simulated and optimized by finite element method so that the horizontal uniformity and vertical uniformity of the magnetic field strength in the testing area of the elastomer were less than 0.1 and 0.15 respectively. Finally, the compression properties of different thicknesses of the magnetorheological elastomers were tested with different compression rates at different excitation currents. The experimental results show that, due to magnetic coupling effect, the magnetic compression modulus increases from 0.08 MPa to 0.44 MPa and then decreases from 0.05 MPa with the increase of thickness, and the magnetorheological effect increases from 3.98% to 25.73% and then decreases from 2.82%, showing a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. With the increase of excitation current, the interaction energy between the magnetic particles in the matrix increases, and the magneto-compression modulus of the magnetorheological elastomer increases from 0.11 MPa to 0.44 MPa with the increase of magnetic field intensity. The compression modulus of magnetorheological elastomer increases with the increase of compression rate, and the greater the strain and excitation current are, the more significant the compression rate for the enhancement of compression modulus is.