Cancer is one of the main causes of death, and current cancer treatment methods face many challenges. Treatment methods based on nanomaterials have thus emerged. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) possess characteristics such as high specific surface area, high porosity, and adjustable structure, and they have broad application prospects in cancer treatment. Using MOFs as carriers for stimuli-responsive anticancer drugs integrates the structural advantages of MOFs with stimuli-responsive functions. They can precisely regulate the drug release kinetics to make it adaptable to specific biological conditions. This precision helps with targeted and sustained drug delivery, improves the therapeutic effect, minimizes side effects to the greatest extent possible, and enhances safety. This article reviewed the research progress of MOFs in stimuli-responsive anticancer drug delivery systems by classifying them into two aspects: endogenous (pH, temperature, redox, adenosine triphosphate-responsive types) and exogenous (light, magnetic field, ultrasound-responsive types) stimuli. This manuscript introduced the characteristics of MOFs, reviewed the application principles and research examples of various stimuli-responsive MOFs in drug delivery, and demonstrated the huge potential of MOFs in cancer treatment.