Using zirconate ester to modify the surface of basalt fiber (BF), and the orientation of BF within the tobacco adhesive (RSS) matrix was studied to investigate the effects of different lengths, addition amounts, and orientation methods on the properties of BF/RSS composite materials. The research results indicate that compared with the BF/RSS composites without BF addition and without BF orientation, the comprehensive performance of BF/RSS composites with BF orientation is significantly improved. Among them, the BF/RSS composite material with a length of 3 mm, 5 parts added, and radial orientation has the best comprehensive performance compared to other lengths, parts, and orientation methods. The Payne effect is weak, and the peak loss factor is small. SEM analysis shows that BF is well dispersed in the rubber matrix. When the BF length is 6 mm, 5 parts added, and the composite material is radially oriented, the cutting resistance performance is optimal under the conditions of rubber wheel speed of 720 r/min and impact speed of 120 c/min.