Polymer microneedles are widely used in transdermal drug delivery, skin regeneration, and biosensing due to their flexible and adjustable molecular network structure. Compared with the traditional reverse molding method for preparing microneedles, vat polymerization 3D printed polymer microneedles have significant advantages in personalized design and rapid preparation, and have enormous development potential. This article introduced the basic classification, preparation methods, and polymer microneedle materials suitable for vat polymerization 3D printing of polymer microneedles. In addition, this article summarized the issues of insufficient precision and penetration strength of polymer microneedles in vat polymerization 3D printing from four aspects: printing ink, molding parameters, microneedle model design, and post-processing. It also summarized the current application trends of polymer microneedles in vat polymerization 3D printing, and finally looked forward to their future development prospects.