The synergistic toughening effect of laser-induced graphene (LIG) and short Kevlar fibers on the interlaminar toughness and in-plane compressive mechanical properties of aramid fiber/aluminum foam sandwich structures were investigated, aiming to address the prevalent issue of delamination failure caused by weak interfacial bonding. A porous graphene structure was constructed on the surface of aramid fiber via laser induction, followed by the interlayer incorporation of short Kevlar fibers with varying areal densities. The in-plane compressive response and failure modes of untoughened, single-toughened, and co-toughened specimens were systematically compared. Experimental results demonstrate that the combined toughening strategy effectively suppresses interfacial delamination, transforming the failure mode from interfacial debonding to global buckling of the core, thereby significantly enhancing the load-bearing capacity and energy absorption of the structure. The optimal toughening effect is achieved with a short fiber areal density of 6 g/m², resulting in peak load and total energy absorption improvements of 98.41% and 84.84% , respectively. Microscopic analysis reveals that the micro-nano anchoring provided by LIG, in synergy with the three-dimensional bridging network formed by short fibers, enhances interlaminar toughness through combined mechanisms of fiber bridging, crack deflection, and tear resistance. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the toughening design of aramid fiber/aluminum foam sandwich structures and offers valuable insights for the structural design and application of composite materials.