Ionizing radiation shielding materials have extensive and in-depth applications in nuclear industry, nuclear emergency response, nuclear medical care and other fields. They can play an important role in shielding high-energy ionizing radiation such as gamma rays, neutrons and X-rays, protecting human tissues and organs as well as instruments and equipment from damage. Silicone rubber has good thermal stability, corrosion resistance, electrical insulation and elasticity. Meanwhile, the working temperature window of silicone rubber is wide, making it suitable for use in harsh working temperature environments. Therefore, it can be used as the matrix of ionizing radiation shielding materials. However, the radiation aging resistance and mechanical properties of silicone rubber are poor, and they need to be improved by modification or adding functional fillers. This review introduced the modification methods of silicone rubber and the methods of preparing shielding materials by combining with various functional fillers, as well as the performance research. It is hoped that this article can provide reference information for researchers in related fields.