Field dispersion technology, characterized by contact-free operation, high efficiency, and controllable properties has shown great potential in fields such as energy, environment, biomedicine, and sensors, and it also provides novel approaches for the preparation and performance optimization of carbon-based composites. The preparation methods of magnetic carbon materials for magnetic field modification were introduced in this paper, including coprecipitation method, hydrothermal method, and other methods. The application of static and dynamic magnetic fields in polymer matrix composites modified with carbon materials was reviewed systematically. Additionally, the role of static and dynamic electric fields in the directed arrangement of carbon materials was analyzed, as well as the mechanism of electric field-induced effects. Finally, the current challenges in this field were discussed, and future research directions were proposed, aiming to provide both theoretical insights and practical guidance for the further development and application of electric and magnetic field dispersion techniques in composite materials.