To achieve precise surface processing of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) materials, this study took the micro-groove dimensions with the largest proportion on the surface of natural bovine femurs as a reference benchmark to optimize laser parameters. By deeply coupling solid heat transfer and deformation geometry in COMSOL software, the evolution laws of laser ablation dimensions and morphologies at different laser output powers and scanning speeds were explored. Combining the thermal influence degree on the ablation model surface and the distribution characteristics of the temperature field, the parameter ranges of laser output power and scanning speed were optimized, effectively reducing the exploration cost and workload of subsequent laser processing experiments. Meanwhile, based on specific ablation morphologies, laser parameters of 1.4 W output power, 80 mm/ s scanning speed, and 90 kHz scanning frequency were finally determined for processing microtextures on PEEK materials. Micro-textures with a depth of approximately 40 μm and a width of approximately 60 μm were successfully fabricated, showing high consistency with the target dimensions. This study provides important theoretical foundations and technical support for subsequent in-depth research on laser surface modification technologies and the improvement of PEEK material surface properties.